Physics Department, Donetsk State Technical University, 58 Artyom Street
83000 Donetsk, Ukraine; Phone: + 38 (0622) 936141; E-mail: goltsov@physics.gdtu.donetsk.ua

Professor Victor A. Goltsov was born in 1936 in Siberia, Omsk Region, Russia. He graduated from the Ural Polytechnical Institute (UPI), Sverdlovsk, Russia (1958); worked in industry, Omsk (1958- 1960), UPI, Sverdlovsk, Russia (1960- 1973); since 1973 till now he is a Chairman of Physics Department of the Donetsk National Technical University, Donetsk, Ukraine.

Since 1978 he is a Head of the Scientific Research Laboratory of Interaction of Hydrogen with Materials and Hydrogen Technologies, the Donetsk State Technical University, Ukraine.

Since 1993 he is a Head of the Donetsk Engineering and Physical Center of the Engineering Academy of Ukraine.

Member of the Board of Directors of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE), Coral Gables, FL, USA; Member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (Coral Gables, FL, USA). Chairperson of the Permanent Working International Scientific Committee on Hydrogen Treatment of Materials under the auspices of the Intrernational Association for Hydrogen Energy.

Recipient of International Science Foundation grants (1993, 1995).

More than once was chosen by Marquis' "Who's Who in the World" (New Providence, NJ, USA), see, for example, the 17th Edition of "Who's Who in the World", 2000, and for the forthcoming 6th Edition of "Who's Who in Science and Engineering", the first edition of the 21st century.

Author of more than 400 scientific works in the field of hydrogen and materials, hydrogen treatment of materials.

1. Hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM): fundamentals of HTM, key peculiarities of materials- hydrogen systems; hydrogen elasticity phenomenon; hydrogen-induced phase transformations, hydrogen phase naklep (cold work); use of HTM for improving structure and properties of materials.

2. Transition of humankind to hydrogen civilization: introduction; green-house effect and global environmental problems; conception and up-to-date status of hydrogen economy; hydrogen civilization; perceived noosphere self-organization; stages of transition to hydrogen civilization; the role of international cooperation, prospects.

Physics Department Telephone: +380 622 936141

Donetsk State Technical University Fax: +380 62 3050235

Donetsk 83000

Ukraine

1. V.A. Goltsov. The Phenomenon of Controllable Hydrogen Phase Naklep and the Prospects for Its Use in Metal Science and Engineering. Materials Science & Engineering, 1981. Vol. 49. P. 109- 125.

In this review there is covered both the scientific and the practical aspects of the experimentally discovered phenomenon of the controllable transition of metals and alloys into a high strength state with special physical properties either during charging with hydrogen and hydride phase transformations (this phenomenon is called "controllable hydrogen phase naklep (cold work)".

2. V.A. Goltsov. The Phenomenon of Controllable Hydrogen Phase Naklep and the Prospects of Its Use in Metal Science and Engineering. In: Metal- Hydrogen Systems. Proceedings of International Symposium. Miami-Beach, FL, Apr. 13- 15, 1981. Pergamon Press, 1982. P. 211- 223.

In this publication there is summarized knowledge of hydrogen phase naklep (HPN) in a form of a new paradigm of Materials Science and Engineering: the foundation of physical metallurgy and heat treatment is significantly broadened by HPN-phenomenon followed by new understanding and new possibility of using "artificial" polymorphism induced by hydrogen. The absence of "natural" polymorphism in metals is no longer a limiting factor in their treatment and in the creation of alloys on their base.

3. V.A.Goltsov e.a. Diffusion and Solubility of Hydrogen in Metals and Ordering Alloys. In: Interaction of Hydrogen with Metals, Editor A.P. Zakharov. Moscow: Nauka, 1987. Pt. 4. P. 105- 143 (in Russian).

There is summarized knowledge about solubility and diffusion of hydrogen in some metals and ordering alloys.

4. V.A. Goltsov. Phenomena Promoted by Hydrogen and Hydrogen Induced Phase Transformations. In: Interaction of Hydrogen with Metals, Editor A.P. Zakharov. Moscow: Nauka, 1987. Pt. 9. P. 264- 292 (in Russian).

Hydrogen treatment of materials is explained from viewpoint of hydrogen phase naklep (HPN-phenomenon). The main attention is considered that HPN-phenomenon permits to improve structure and properties of metals.

5. V.A. Goltsov, V.M. Dekanenko, N.N. Vlasenko. Hydrogen Treatment of Niobium: Strengthening and Structural Changes. Materials Science & Engineering, 1990. Vol. A129. P. 239- 247.

Authors assume that HPN is a general phenomenon which may be exploited for many alloy systems. The main idea of the work is to confirm the HPN phenomenon in a specific material, i.e. niobium, which is very sensitive to embrittlement and is not a polymorphic material. There are shown the possibilities to have a great variety of structures and mechanical properties of niobium and niobium- hydrogen alloys after hydrogen treatment. New ideas about the phenomenology and mechanism of the phenomenon are discussed.

6. Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, Proceedings of the Selected Papers of the 1^st International Conference, Donetsk, Ukraine, Sept. 20-22, 1995, Guest-editor V.A. Goltsov, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1997. Vol. 22, No. 2/3.

7. T.N. Veziroglu and V.A. Goltsov. Editorial. A new aspect of hydrogen movement. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1997. Vol. 22, No. 2/3. P. 113.

World hydrogen movement leads the humankind to an ecologically clean economy. The idea of this movement is based on the fact that hydrogen is an environmentally clean, technically effective and suitable energy carrier and chemical reagent. Nevertheless, it turned out that wonderful properties of hydrogen, on which the 21st century will be based, will not rest here. The last two decades witnessed the discovery and comprehensive study of a new, unknown before, fundamental property of hydrogen to affect the properties of some materials: metals, intermetallics, etc. As a result of the intensive development, a community of specialists in metal science, physics and chemistry working out a new field of science and engineering, namely hydrogen treatment of materials, has been formed.

8. V.A. Goltsov. History, ideology and prospects of the hydrogen treatment of materials.-Opening address. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1997. Vol. 22, No. 2/3. P. 115- 117.

There are described history, ideology and prospects of a new part of hydrogen movement - hydrogen treatment of materials sub-community. Hydrogen community, numbering some hundreds of people all over the world, always considered hydrogen as a harmful element. It was absolutely normal that in the 1960s and even in the first half of the 1970s, the conception of hydrogen embrittlement was the only one which was intensively worked out. Only after long-time experimental works and public discussion (seminars, conferences, symposia, etc.) hydrogen treatment of materials has attracted new adherents and started its world-wide development.

9. V.A. Goltsov. Fundamentals of hydrogen treatment of materials and its classification. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1997. Vol. 22, No. 2/3. P. 119- 124.

A synthesis of knowledge is made in the new field of science and engineering, hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM), which is currently being intensively developed. Aims and tasks of hydrogen treatment of materials have been formulated. Fundamental bases of HTM have been analyzed and summarized. Classification signs and some possible classification directions of HTM have been revealed. Some examples of hydrogen treatment of metallic and intermetallic materials are given.

10. V.A. Goltsov, N.N. Vlasenko. Hydrogen phase "naklep" and hydrogen treatment of niobium. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 1997. Vol. 22, No. 2/3. P. 151- 159.

The main idea of the investigation is to confirm the possibility of using hydrogen treatment based on hydrogen phase naklep (HPN) phenomenon for improving the structure and properties of niobium which is a nonpolymorphic metal sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement. Data are given for different schemes of hydrogen treatment of NbH_x alloys. All these kinds of treatment result in controllable strengthening and changing of other physical properties. It was shown that HPN leads to formation of metastable hydrides in the NbH_0.03 alloy contributing both to strengthening and ductility by the hydride TRIP-effect mechanism. Two stage of structure and properties recovery have been determined.

11. V.A. Goltsov, Zh.L.Glukhova, A.L.Redko. Hydrogen elasticity effect and its importance in diffusion dissolution of concentration inhomogeneities in metals. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 1997. Vol. 22, No. 2/3. P. 179- 183.

An analysis of the analogy between thermoelastic and hydrogen-elastic effects is carried out. A set of equations giving a general description of the hydrogen elasticity effect is offered and analyzed. The difference in concentration creating hydrogen-elastic stresses do not exceed the elastic limit of palladium. The importance of these stresses in the diffusion behavior of such inhomogeneities is shown.

12. Hydrogen Treatment of Materials. Proceedings of the Selected Papers of the 2nd International Conference, Donetsk, Ukraine, June 2-4, 1998, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 1997. Vol. 24, No. 9.

13. V.A. Goltsov. Opening address. Material science: its importance and place in hydrogen economy of the 21st century. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1999. Vol. 24, No. 9. P. 793- 794.

There is given an account of importance of materials in the development of technical civilization in general and of large-scale hydrogen energy and technologies in particular. Physical, chemical, physico-chemical, energetic, engineering aspects of using hydrogen as an ecologically clean energy carrier are intensively developed in the world. At the same time the materials science support of the forthcoming hydrogen economy in all its global and universal scope is not yet developed. So, much more important is the role of efforts of individual scientists and collectives storing and summarizing the knowledge of hydrogen interaction with materials, forming the material and scientific basis of introducing hydrogen economics into existence.

14. V.A. Goltsov. Peculiarities of hydrogen interaction with materials and related problems of materials science and engineering. In: Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials: Proceedings of EDEM'99. 1999. Vol. I. P. 11- 20.

Fundamentals of interaction of hydrogen with materials are analyzed and it is shown that hydrogen action on materials comprises physical, chemical, physico-chemical and mechanical components. In this aspect hydrogen-induced phase transformations and their using in hydrogen technologies are reviewed.

15. V.A. Goltsov. Hydrogen treatment (processing) of materials: current status and prospects. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1999. Vol. 293- 295. P. 844- 857.

The hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM) as a novel field of Materials Science and Engineering is analyzed and reviewed. First, a short history of HTM development is given. Then, fundamentals of HTM are analyzed. Hydrogen treatment (processing) of materials is based on the specific peculiarities of hydrogen, providing the possibility of a strong and controllable action on materials. This action is reversible in the sense that the hydrogen can be removed from the material at low temperatures.

From the HTM viewpoint the most important factor is that hydrogen action causes a disturbance of the thermodynamic conditions of existence of a material and its separate phases. As a result there appears a thermodynamic necessity in hydrogen-induced phase transformations. This is the so-called "artificial" hydrogen-induced polymorphism. The thermodynamic conditions for the realization of the natural polymorphism of materials can also be changed by hydrogen. The kinetic factor of the hydrogen action on materials is of great importance. Being dissolved, hydrogen accelerates the diffusion processes of atoms - components of the material. All phase and structural transformations become much faster and under the action of hydrogen they might be attained at much lower temperatures.

16. V.A. Goltsov, The effects of hydrogen on the physical properties of palladium. Hydrogen phase "naklep" phenomenon during the hydrogen treatment of palladium. Platinum Metals Review. 1999. Vol. 43, No. 3. P. 116-118.

HPN is the experimentally observed phenomena of the transitions of metals and alloys, in particular palladium, into controllable high strength states with special physical properties during courses of charging with hydrogen and transformation of alpha-phase solid solution « beta-phase hydride. Therefore, HPN-phenomena may form the basis for the hydrogen treatment of palladium materials aimed at improving their structure and properties without noticeably affecting their dimensions and shape. Based on this treatment, novel advanced palladium alloys have now been made.

17. V.A. Goltsov, The role and importance of Hydrogen Materials Science and Hydrogen Treatment of Materials for successful development of Hydrogen Economy in the 21st century. In: Hydrogen Energy Progress XIII, Proceedings of the 13^th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Beijing, China, June 12-15, 2000. Eds Z.Q. Mao, T.N. Veziroglu. Vol. 1. P. 127-138.

The aim of this review is to attract hydrogen community care to the hydrogen-materials problem, that may slow down hydrogen economy entering into the mankind life. Two contrary aspects of the problem are discussed. The first is hydrogen degradation of materials, hydrogen energy equipment deteriorating, its time-life and safety. The second is hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM) permitting to create novel hydrogen technologies and advanced materials. A special attention is paid to HTM as a new, not very wide known field of Materials Science and Engineering.

18. Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables: Kassiopeya Ltd., 2001.-543 pp.

The book generalizes the knowledge related to the HTM-theory and the HTM-technology. There are considered structures and properties of material-hydrogen (MH) systems, their surface and subsurface layers, thin films and multilayers. A diffusive-cooperative synergetic nature of MH-systems is generalized, their thermodynamic and kinetic peculiarities are analyzed, and related phenomena are described. For the first time there are systematically considered hydrogen-induced phase transformations: their nature, classification, mechanisms, kinetics, morphology, influence on structure and properties and use in the HTM. The present day knowledge is summarized as it relates to the HTM-technologies for deformed, cast and synthesized materials, such as palladium, niobium, vanadium, alloys on the base of Al, Ti, Fe, intermetallics, nonmetallic materials; the achievements of the HTM-technologies, improving their structures, mechanical, physical and catalytic properties are described. Some attention is also given to hydrogen degradation of metals, alloys and steels.

19. V.A. Goltsov. Introduction. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables: Kassiopeya Ltd., 2001.-P. xi-xiii.

Hydrogen Treatment of Materials (HTM) is a novel field of Materials Science and Engineering. Historically, it has been conceived recently and is being developed for about a quarter of a century. So, much of this area of knowledge has not been well-established yet and cannot be interpreted one-to-one until now. In the context of this book issuance it is appropriate herein to determine the HTM-essence.

Hydrogen treatment can be identified as a field of Materials Science and Engineering wherein processes of materials and items treatment are based on hydrogen action and have the main objectives to improve materials structure and practical properties, to produce advanced hydrogen containing materials, to improve existing technologies and to create new ones.

If one required a short answer on the question: what is the main task and the dominant subject-matter of the HTM-theory? - The answer would be as follows: The task and subject-matter of the HTM-theory, as an area of science, consist in establishing laws of a correlation between controllable changes of practically important properties of materials and their structure changes induced by a hydrogen action, or by other actions combined with the hydrogen one. These laws are at the basis of the HTM-technology.

Then the HTM-technology, being developed, sets procedures and techniques of materials and articles processing to attain practical, needed aims.

20. V.A. Goltsov. Fundamentals of hydrogen treatment of materials. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 3-36.

The fundamentals of hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM) are reviewed and generalized. The first, aims and tasks of hydrogen treatment have been summarized and it has been concluded that there are two branches of this novel field of Materials Science and Engineering: the theory of HTM and technology of HTM. Both of them are based on some specific peculiarities of hydrogen action on materials, which being strong, controllable and reversible comprise physical, chemical, physico-chemical and mechanical components. Then, a fundamental knowledge of diffusive-cooperative nature of material-hydrogen systems has been generalized; a classification and a panoramic overview of the related phenomena have been done. What followed is a review of hydrogen-induced phase transformations, their nature, classification and use in HTM. At last, hydrogen-controlled phase transformations and their using in engineering are discussed in short. In conclusion a central knowledge of materials-hydrogen systems nature, being a fundamental base of HTM, has been briefly summarized.

21. L.I. Smirnov, V.A. Goltsov. Diffusion and diffusive phenomena in interstitial subsystems of M-H systems. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 65-93.

A review of theoretical ideas and notions of diffusion and diffusive phenomena in an interstitial subsystem of metal-hydrogen systems has been done. The very simple theoretical regarding only interstice occupancy has already given interesting results: as hydrogen concentration grows, a hydrogen self-diffusion coefficient decreases and tends to zero at a complete occupancy of interstices. This effect is taken into account in all the following theories.

22. V.A. Goltsov, T.A. Ryumshina, L.I. Smirnov, Zh.L. Glukhova, R.V. Kotelva. Theory of hydrogen elasticity phenomenon. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 95-117.

In this review there is theoretically generalized hydrogen elasticity, a fundamental phenomenon determining a unique specific nature of metal hydrogen systems. Under the conditions of the monophase regions of the equilibrium phase diagrams of metal-hydrogen systems and at small values of hydrogen concentration gradients the hydrogen elasticity (HE) phenomenon can be adequately described by the system of nonlinear equations analogous to the equations of thermoelasticity. There are given examples of a successful use of these equations and considered cases of hydrogen atoms diffusion migration and of a metallic plate form changing under the influence of hydrogen concentration gradients.

23. V.A. Goltsov, N.N. Vlasenko. Hydrogen phase naklep phenomenon and its use in hydrogen treatment of metallic materials. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 203 -230.

Up-to-date knowledge about the hydrogen phase naklep (HPN) phenomenon is synthesized. First, the initial idea, its experimental confirmation, imagination of the HPN-phenomenon nature and principles of the HPN-treatment are elucidated. Then, HPN effects on metals are discussed in details: strengthening of palladium and niobium in finally completely-degassed, monophase-naklep states; super-strength and high plasticity of finally nondegassed polyphase PdH_x and NbH_x alloys; the mechanisms of strengthening and hydride transformation induced plasticity (hydride TRIP-effect); changes of physical properties and structure of metals during the HPN-treatment; recovery and recrystallization of the HPN-treated palladium and niobium. Finally, we consider practical applications and summarize mechanical properties of some HPN-treated alloys.

24. V.A. Goltsov, S.B. Rybalka, D. Fruchart, V.A. Didus. Kinetics and some general features of hydrogen-induced diffusive phase transformations in Nd₂Fe₁₄B type alloys In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 367-390.

In this review there are generalized experimental data on the kinetics of direct and reverse hydrogen-induced diffusive phase (HIDP) transformations in alloys of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B type being the basis of the HDDR technology. There are discussed general regularities of these transformations: their most general mechanisms, types of isothermal kinetic diagrams of both direct and reverse HIDP transformations, mechanisms of temperature and hydrogen pressure influence on the kinetics. There is made a conclusion that hydrogen is not only a necessary thermodynamic condition, but the most important kinetic factor characterizing general features of HIDP transformations.

25. V.A. Goltsov. New paradigm of Materials Science. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 497-504.

A new conception about hydrogen as an element which is the basis of hydrogen energy and technology has been developed. This new conception based on the experimentally discovered phenomenon of controllable hydrogen phase naklep (i.e. PHN-phenomenon) asserts hydrogen may be used as universal external agent for hydrogen technologies of metal treatment to improve their physical and technical properties to create new metallic materials with special properties.

26. V.A. Goltsov. Classification of hydrogen treatment of materials. In: Progress in Hydrogen Treatment of Materials, V.A. Goltsov, Editor, Donetsk-Coral Gables, 2001.-P. 505-509.

A classification of Hydrogen Treatment of Materials (HTM) was firstly worked out in the mid-1990s and published in: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 22 (1997) 119-124.

A new classification is based on different HTM distinctive features, reflected in the main rubrics.

27. Goltsov V.A., Veziroglu T.N. From hydrogen economy to hydrogen civilization//Intern. J. Hydrogen Energy. -2001. -Vol. 26. -P. 909-915.

For the first time, the main aspects of a move by humankind into the era of an ecologically clean hydrogen energy civilization are being considered. It has been shown that energy and environmental problems can be averted by changing our energy carrier from fossil fuels to the environmentally clean energy carrier, hydrogen. The biospheric and noospheric consequences of this transition have been analyzed. The steps to be taken for the move to such a future hydrogen civilization have been discussed.

28. Goltsov V.A. Material-Hydrogen Systems Key Features and Fundamentals of Hydrogen Treatment Technologies. In: The Hydrogen Planet: Proceedings of the 14^th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, June 9-13, 2002, Montreal, Canada. Eds Ronald. D. Venter, Tapan K. Bose. -CD, 369 items.

The key features of materials-hydrogen (MH) systems and the fundamentals of hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM) are reviewed and generalized. At first, a fundamental knowledge of diffusive-cooperative nature of MH-systems has been generalized; a classification and a panoramic overview of the related phenomena have been done. What followed is a review of hydrogen-induced phase transformations, their nature, classification and use in HTM. In conclusion it is emphasized the importance of MH-problems for a Hydrogen Economy safe development and transition of humankind to Hydrogen Civilization in the 21st century.

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